Abstract

Six years before Schrödinger presented his equation (1925), on October 28, 1919, Max Planck, posed the first and most difficult dilemma facing the whole of quan-tum theory whether light rays are themselves quantized or whether quantum effects occur only in matter. In this article of mine, it is assumed that quantum ac-tions occur in matter, that is, that quantum actions do not exist by themselves, but that quantum effects occur within matter. My starting point for the assumption that quantum effects occur in matter is an examination of Planck's dilemma men-tioned above, with a focus on matter, and relying on the clear equations of Max-well and the Special theory of relativity. The results are understandable and can be understood better than those starting from the Schrödinger equation. Although the path presented in this article is more difficult, it is more exact and can be proven, unlike the path taken by Schrödinger, when he wrote his equation without a clear starting point. The aim of this study is to define the structural constant of all atoms s0 and the action of LC oscillator A, as a new concept. The methods of theoretical research are used, and it's checking is based on previously measured data. Elec-tromagnetic radiation, which we observe in an area outside of the atom, has its source in the atom. As a model of this source an LC oscillator was investigated within the atom. It is determined that the energy of that LC oscillator is propor-tional to its natural frequency. However, the proportionality factor A, which is analogous to Planck's h, is not constant, but changes with the change of its natural frequency. Periodic coincidence of two independent phenomena within an atom is condition of the stability of an atom. These two phenomena are, first, circulating the electron around the nucleus, and second, oscillating the eletromagnetic energy in the atom. At the integer frequency ratio of these two phenomena, discretization of the atoms state occurs. The structural constant s0 and its unified value 8.278691910 is defined. All NIST data, from Hydrogen, ₁H, to Darmstadtium, ₁₁₀Ds, at least 110 different measurements, confirmed this value. This approach, besides the atomic shell, includes its nucleus. It is shown that with help of structural constant s₀, as well with help of the other five known constants (c, m₀ e, m, m_p), nine existing constants become interchangeable; i.e., fine structure constant, von Klitzing constant R_K, Planck's h, ratio e/h, Josephson constant K_J, Rydberg constant R_¥, Bohr radius a₀, Bohr magneton m_B, and nuclear magneton m_N. All relevant physical quantities are also given in a form suitable for use in Discrete Physics. All relations in Discrete Physics are as clear as in Classical Physics. Planck's h = A, defined as the ratio of the energy of a photon to its frequency, is not a constant. The structur-al constant of the atom s0 is unchanging. Also constant is h0 = A0, but defined as h₀ = A₀ =m₀ c e² s₀² = 6.627 882 313 × 10-34 J∙ Hz^-1, and this should be adopted as the true value of Planck's constant, which is 0.0273% greater than its NIST-recognized value (6.626 070 15×10-34 J∙Hz^-1).