Article http://dx.doi.org/10.26855/hpj.2025.12.006

Human Pathogen Crossing Species Barrier: Reverse Zoonosis

TOTAL VIEWS: 467

Mandip Adhikari

Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu 46000, Nepal.

*Corresponding author: Mandip Adhikari

Published: December 5,2025

Abstract

Background: Reverse zoonosis, or zooanthroponosis, refers to the transmission of pathogens from humans to animals. This phenomenon has gained increasing attention as growing human-animal interactions through urbanization, wildlife tourism, and livestock intensification create new opportunities for disease spillover. Such transmission not only threatens animal health and biodiversity but can also lead to the establishment of new animal reservoirs capable of reintroducing infections back to humans. Aim: The aim of this narrative review is to provide a comprehensive understanding of reverse zoonosis, emphasizing its growing significance in context of human, animal, and ecosystem health. This review compiles and analyzes existing literature to highlight how human derived pathogen affect domestic animal, wildlife, and livestock populations. It also seeks to identify key research gaps and highlight the importance of a One Health approach for effective surveillance, prevention and policy development. Methods: This narrative review was conducted by systematically searching peer-reviewed articles, case reports and relevant reports that describes human to animal disease transmission and animal to human disease transmission. Literature was sourced from electronic databases including PubMed and Google Scholar, using key words such as “reverse zoonosis”, “anthroponosis”, “zoonosis”, “one health” and “biosecurity” Results: Human to animal transmission has been reported in domestic, captive, and wildlife species, with domestic animals most affected due to frequent human contact. Viral agents such as SARS-CoV-2 and influenza, and bacterial pathogens like Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Methicillin Resistant Staphylo-coccus aureus, are most frequently documented. Key contributing factors include pathogen mutation, antimicrobial resistance, urbanization, environmental change, climate variability, and human behavior. Preventive strategies include One Health based interventions, vaccination, surveillance, and biosecurity. Conclusion: Reverse zoonosis underscores the interconnectedness of human, animal, and ecosystem health. Strengthened One Health surveillance, strict biosecurity in wildlife contact settings, and public awareness are crucial to mitigate future risks. Addressing knowledge gaps and implementing proactive interventions like vaccination and environmental management are essential to safeguard both animal and human health.

Keywords

Reverse zoonosis; Zooanthroponosis; Wildlife; One health

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How to cite this paper

Human Pathogen Crossing Species Barrier: Reverse Zoonosis

How to cite this paper: Mandip Adhikari. (2025) Human Pathogen Crossing Species Barrier: Reverse Zoonosis. Health and Prevention Journal2(1), 61-73.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.26855/hpj.2025.12.006