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Article http://dx.doi.org/10.26855/ijfsa.2026.03.010

Comparative Impacts of Clothianidin and Cypermethrin on Apis mellifera Survival, Behavior, and Colony Resource Storage

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Muhammad Asim Qaisrani1,*, Muhammad Akhtar2

1Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK 29050, Pakistan.

2Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, KPK 29050, Pakistan.

*Corresponding author: Muhammad Asim Qaisrani

Published: March 28,2026

Abstract

Insecticide exposure poses significant risks to honeybee (Apis mellifera) survival and colony performance. This study assessed the effects of clothianidin and cypermethrin on worker mortality, behavior, foraging activity, and nectar and pollen storage. Clothianidin caused the highest worker mortality (78.33% at 96 h), whereas cypermethrin induced moderate mortality (38.33%), compared to 26.66% in controls. Behavioral impairments, including disorientation, impaired righting reflex, and flight instability, were most pronounced in clothianidin-treated bees (up to 70%), with cypermethrin producing moderate effects. Foraging activity declined by 38.0% in clothianidin-treated colonies and 18.7% under cypermethrin. Nectar and pollen storage were significantly reduced in treated colonies, with control colonies showing the highest levels (nectar: 3.85 kg; pollen: 2.18 kg), followed by cypermethrin and clothianidin. These results demonstrate that clothianidin severely disrupts honeybee survival and colony function, while cypermethrin exerts moderate but notable effects. The findings underscore the importance of evaluating insecticide impacts on pollinators to inform safer pest management practices and support ecosystem sustainability.

Keywords

Clothianidin; cypermethrin; Apis mellifera; worker mortality; behavioral impairment; foraging activity; nectar storage; pollen storage; colony performance; pollinator risk assessment

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How to cite this paper

Comparative Impacts of Clothianidin and Cypermethrin on Apis mellifera Survival, Behavior, and Colony Resource Storage

How to cite this paper: Muhammad Asim Qaisrani, Muhammad Akhtar. (2026) Comparative Impacts of Clothianidin and Cypermethrin on Apis mellifera Survival, Behavior, and Colony Resource Storage. International Journal of Food Science and Agriculture10(1), 88-95.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.26855/ijfsa.2026.03.010