IJCEMR
Tularaemia: A Re-Emerging Infectious Zoonotic Disease of Public Health Significance
TOTAL VIEWS: 8158
Abstract
Tularemia is a re-emerging bacterial disease that affects humans, wild animals, and domestic animals. The disease is caused by Francisella tularensis that is found all over the world, but it is most commonly reported in North America, a few Scandinavian and Asian countries. The disease can occur in sporadic and epidemic form. Humans acquire the infection through the handling or ingestion of infected animals, vector bites, interaction with the aquatic environment, and aerosol inhalation. The disease classically manifests by the ulceroglandular, glandular, oculoglandular, oropharyngeal, respiratory and typhoidal forms. A rapid onset of fever, chills, headaches, diarrhea, muscular aches, joint pain, dry cough, and increasing weakening are all common symptoms. Because of its low infectious dose, ability to survive in the environment, and ability to be easily disseminated by aerosol, Francisella tularensis has been designated as a “category A” agent of greatest concern for bioterrorism. Laboratory help that include microbiological, immunological and molecular techniques is needed to make an unequivocal diagnosis of disease. In untreated patients, the fatality may be high. Tularemia can be prevented by using insect repellent, wearing gloves when handling sick or dead animals, thoroughly cooking game meat before eating it and not drinking untreated water. Prophylactic treatment and health education of the high risk groups is imperative.
References
[1] Auwaerter, P. G., Penn, R. L. (2015). Francisella tularensis (Tularemia). In: Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases. 9th ed., Bennet JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ (Eds.), Elsevier, Philadelphia.
[2] Faber, M., Heuner, K., Jacob, D., and Grunow, R. (2018). Tularemia in Germany-A re-emerging zoonosis. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 8, 40.
[3] Splettstoesser, W. D., Tomaso, H., Al Dahouk, S., Neubauer, H. and Schuff-Werner. P. (2005). Diagnostic procedures in tularaemia with special focus on molecular and immunological techniques. Journal of Veterinary Medicine, 52, 249-261.
[4] Johansson, A., Larkeryd, A., Widerstrom, M. (2014). An outbreak of respiratory tularemia caused by diverse clones of Francisella tularensis. Clinical and Infectious Disease, 59, 1546-53.
[5] Hestvik, G., Warns-Petit, E., Smith, L. A., Fox, N. J., Uhlhorn, H., Artois, M., Hannant, D., Hutchings, M. R., Mattsson, R., and Yon, L. (2015). The status of tularemia in Europe in a one-health context: a review. Epidemiology and Infection, 143, 2137-60.
[6] Derya, K. Y, Buyuk, F., Ashraf, A., and Salah, M. (2021). Tularemia: a re-emerging tick-borne infectious disease. Folia Microbiologica, 66, 1-14.
[7] Sjostedt, A. (2005). Francisella. In: Garrity G et al., eds. The Proteobacteria, Part B, Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, New York, NY, Springer, 200-210.
[8] Kilic, S. and Yesilyurt, M. (2011). Tularemia: A general overview on current treatment options. Klimik Journal, 24, 2-10.
[9] Hennebiquea, A., Boisset, S., Maurin, M. (2019). Tularemia as a waterborne disease: a review. Emerging Microbes and Infection, 8, 1027-1042.
[10] Pal, M. (2007). Zoonoses. Second Edition. Satyam Publishers, Jaipur, India.
[11] Stefanie, S., Anja, S., Erwin, H., Gunter, W., and Rosa, W. (2020). Tularemia goes West: Epidemiology of an emerging infection in Austria. Microorganism, 8, 1597.
[12] Dennis, D. T., Inglesby, T. V., Henderson, D. A., Bartlett, J., Ascher, M., Ejtzen, E., Fine, A., Friedlander, A., Hauer, K., Layton, M., Lillibridge, S., McDade, J., Osterholm, M., O’Toole, G., Parker, G., Perl, T., Russell, P. and Tonat, K. (2001). Tularemia as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. Journal of American Medical Association, 285, 2763-2773.
[13] Foley, J. E. and Nieto, N. C. (2010). Tularemia. Veterinary Microbiology, 27, 332-8.
[14] Byington, C. L., Bender, J. M., Ampofo, K., Pavia, A. T., Korgenski, K., Daly, J., Christenson J. C., and Adderson E. (2008).Tularemia with vesicular skin lesions may be mistaken for infection with herpes viruses. Clinical and Infectious Disease, 47, 4-6.
[15] Saber, E., Mahdi, R., Ahmad, G., Mohammed, M. G., Simin, K., Ahmad, M., Hossein, A. C., Anders, J., Max, M., and Ehsan, M. (2021). Francisella tularensis human infections in a village of northwest Iran. BMC Infectious Disease, 21,310.
[16] American Society for Microbiology (ASM). (2016). Sentinel level clinical laboratory guidelines for suspected agents of bioterrorism and emerging infectious diseases: Francisella tularensis. https://www.asm.org/ images/PSAB/LRN/Tularemia.
[17] Buyuk, F., Çelebi, O., Çelik, E., Çelebi, B., Kiliç, S., Gulmez Saglam, A., Şahin, M. (2016). The prevalence of tularemia in occupational groups that have contact with animals. Turkish Journal of Medical Science, 46, 451-456.
[18] Adalja, A. A., Toner, E., and Inglesby, T. V. (2015). Clinical management of potential bioterrorism-related conditions. New England Journal of Medicine, 372, 954-62.
[19] World Health Organization (WHO). (2007). Guidelines on Tularaemia. Geneva, Swizerland.
How to cite this paper
Tularaemia: A Re-Emerging Infectious Zoonotic Disease of Public Health Significance
How to cite this paper: Mahendra Pal, Margo Yonas Shuramo, Kirubel Paulos Gutama. (2022) Tularaemia: A Re-Emerging Infectious Zoonotic Disease of Public Health Significance. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Research, 6(1), 48-51.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.26855/ijcemr.2022.01.009
More Articles
- The Mechanism of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine in the Treatment of Dysphagia after Stroke by Stimulating the Uvula
- Successful Treatment of a COVID-19 Patient with Fulminant Myocarditis: A Case Report and Review of Literature
- Research Progress of Lateral Space Neglect after Stroke
- Progress in the use of Enteral Nutrition Support in Patients with Acute Stroke with Dysphagia
- Atomic Force Microscopy Study of Human Dentin Collagen Fibrils
- Observation on Serum Bilirubin in Kazak Patients with Essential Hypertension