A Maritime Cultural History of the South China Sea

Chapter 1 Basic Theories of Maritime Culture 1

Section 1 The Concept of Marine Culture 1

Section 2 The Connotation of Marine Culture 7

Section 3 The Characteristics of Marine Culture 14

Section 4 The History and Current Status of Chinese Maritime Cultural Research 22

Chapter 2 The Geographical Environment Shaping the Maritime Culture of the South China Sea 29

Section 1 The Natural Geographic Environment of the South China Sea 29

Section 2 The Humanistic and Social Environment 35

Section 3 The Roles and Influences of Overseas Chinese and Guangzhou, Hong Kong, and Macau on China’s South China Sea Marine Culture 44

Section 4 The Relationship Between the Age of Exploration and the Maritime Culture of the South China Sea 55

Chapter 3 The Emergence of Maritime Culture in the South China Sea During Prehistoric Times 63

Section 1 Cultural Exchanges in the South China Sea Region Based on Archaeological Evidence 63

Section 2 Totem Worship and the Origins of Prehistoric Maritime Culture in the South China Sea 80

Chapter 4 The Origins of Maritime Culture in the South China Sea During the Pre-Qin Period 99

Section 1 The Maritime Activities of Early Inhabitants in the South China Sea, Recorded in Ancient Pre-Qin Texts like the “Shan Hai Jing”100

Section 2 The Pioneering of the Marine Agricultural Culture of Reclaiming the Sea as Farmland in the South China Sea 106

Section 3 Philosophical Views on the Relationship Between Heaven and Earth in the Context of the Hundred Schools of Thought 110

Chapter 5 Development of Maritime Culture in the South China Sea During the Qin, Han, and Northern and Southern Dynasties 113

Chapter 18 Confucius’s View on Education and Its Contemporary Value 113

Chapter 19 Confucius’s View on Study and Its Contemporary Value 118

Chapter 20 Confucius’s View on Poetry Education Theory and Its Contemporary Value 138

Chapter 6 The Flourishing Maritime Culture of the South China Sea during the Sui, Tang, and Southern Han Periods 143

Section 1 The Sovereign Management and Administrative Establishment of the Chinese Government in the South China Sea Region of China 143

Section 2 Opening of the “Guangzhou Sea Route to Foreign Lands” and the Rise of Guangzhou as a Major World Port 148

Section 3 Cross-Cultural Exchange and the Spread of Maritime Culture 157

Section 4 The Rise and Worship of the South Sea God 186

Section 5 The Emergence of Maritime Literature 199

Chapter 7 The Prosperity of Maritime Culture in the South China Sea under the the Background of the Song and Yuan Dynasties’ Opening-up 211

Section 1 Sovereign Administration over the South China Sea in the Song and Yuan Dynasties 211

Section 2 The Song and Yuan Dynasties’ Emphasis on Establishing Maritime Trade Policies 214

Section 3 Coastal Reclamation and Achievements in Maritime Agricultural Culture 221

Section 4 Advances in Shipbuilding and Navigation Technology 236

Section 5 The “Nanhai No.1” Shipwreck of the Southern Song Dynasty and Its Role in Conveying Maritime Cultural Information 245

Section 6 The Introduction of New Crops and the First Agricultural Revolution in Grain Production 252

Section 7 The Worship of Mazu and Other Sea Deities and Their Cultural Characteristics 257

Section 8 Achievements of Maritime Cultural Works 288

Chapter 8 The Peak of Maritime Cultural Development in the Ming Dynasty 309

Section 1 The Exclusive Maritime Trade Advantages of China’s South China Sea Under the Maritime Embargo Policy 309

Section 2 Zheng He’s Voyages to the Western Oceans and the Overseas Dissemination of Chinese Maritime Culture 317

Section 3 The Introduction of New Crop Varieties and Their Impact 330

Section 4 The Flourishing of Marine Agricultural Culture with the Sea as Fields 342

Section 5 The Formation of Macau as a Center for Sino-Western Cultural Exchange 356

Section 6 Matteo Ricci’s Arrival in Guangdong 365

Section 7 The Revival of Pirate Culture 376

Section 8 The Prosperity of Coastal Frontier Culture 392

Section 9 The Brilliance of Maritime Literature and Art 408

Chapter 9 The Alternation of Prosperity and Decline of Maritime Culture in the South China Sea during the Early Qing Dynasty 421

Section 1 The Decline of Maritime Trade under the Maritime Ban Policy in the Early Qing Dynasty 421

Section 2 The Peak of the Maritime Silk Road in the Mid-Qing Dynasty and the Formation of the Global Economic System 428

Section 3 The Emergence of Business Groups and Their Marine Cultural Styles 436

Section 4 The Determination of the Traditional Territorial Boundaries of the South China Sea and the Sovereign Jurisdiction of the Chinese Government 472

Section 5 The Resurgence of Pirate Culture 493

Chapter 10 Transformation and Rebirth of Maritime Culture in the South China Sea during the Modern Transition Period 512

Section 1 The End of the Maritime Silk Road after the Opium War 512

Section 2 A New Pattern of Sino-Western Cultural Exchange 516

Section 3 Political and Ideological Achievements Arising from Sino-Western Cultural Exchanges 572

Section 4 The Formation of Overseas Chinese Culture and Its Contributions to Cultures at Home and Abroad 655

Section 5 The Flourishing of Maritime Literature and Art 690

Chapter 11 The Advancement of Modern South China Sea Maritime Culture Amid Twists and Turns 718

Section 1 The Struggle of the Chinese Government and People to Defend Territorial Sovereignty over the South China Sea and Its Islands 719

Section 2 The Emergence and Development of Modern Maritime Consciousness in Relation to the South China Sea 736

Section 3 The Loss and Return of Sovereignty over Hong Kong and Macau 747

Section 4 Achievements in Modern Marine Agricultural Culture 757

Section 5 The Emergence and Rapid Rise of Modern Marine Commercial Culture 778

Section 6 The Great Sino-Western Cultural Exchange under the Reform and Opening-Up Policy 786

Section 7 Flourishing Achievements in Marine Science, Geography, and Literature 797

Postscript 807

A Maritime Cultural History of the South China Sea

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CONTENTS